Washington, DC: The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Djibouti on March 22, 2024.
After the negative shock of the pandemic and a weak recovery in 2021, the November 2022 peace agreement in Ethiopia bolstered the Djiboutian economy. Growth is expected to have reached about 7 percent in 2023, supported by the rebound in port activity and construction. Inflation is expected to have averaged around 1.8 percent in 2023 and projected to remain subdued.
The economic outlook remains cautiously optimistic for 2024 and the medium-term albeit subject to considerable uncertainty. Regional risks, including potential trade disruptions, pose challenges in a context of tight budgetary resources. Stronger-than-expected trade from Ethiopia could support growth, and fully addressing the debt burden could improve debt sustainability and create fiscal space.
Executive Board Assessment
Executive Directors agreed with the thrust of the staff appraisal. They welcomed Djibouti’s recovery in 2023, supported by the peace agreement in Ethiopia, which generated a significant expansion in port activities, train traffic, construction, and energy production. However, given the considerable external risks—including Ethiopia’s economic trajectory, possible increases in regional migration and refugees, and potentially increased disruptions in the Red Sea—Directors agreed that concerted efforts were needed to address fiscal vulnerabilities, enhance governance, boost job creation, and implement structural reforms.
Directors highlighted the need to address fiscal vulnerabilities through a comprehensive long-term strategy. They emphasized that the debt service moratorium with China provides a window of opportunity for Djibouti to continue to engage with creditors transparently on a strategy to fully address the unsustainable debt burden. In this context, Directors supported increasing the capacity of fiscal institutions to enhance tax collection and policy coherence, and called for a careful review and rationalization of tax incentives and VAT exemptions, while also ensuring that revenues from military base leases reflect their real value. Directors recommended better targeting fuel subsidies to free up resources for key social spending.
Directors welcomed the authorities’ efforts toward reforming State-Owned Enterprises. They emphasized the need for better financial oversight and governance of SOEs, and noted that the authorities’ upcoming review and restructuring of the administrative SOEs would be an important first step. Directors stressed that the authorities should build strong and broad-based support and provide adequate resources to ensure their successful implementation.
Directors encouraged improvements in banking regulation and oversight to strengthen the financial sector, especially given the ongoing MENAFATF evaluation. They also agreed that the careful design and introduction of a reserve requirement by the Central Bank of Djibouti (CBD) would be a positive first step to further strengthen the central bank’s liquidity management toolkit.
Directors urged the authorities to move forward with a robust set of structural reforms, including to enhance private sector job creation, tackle informality, improve education and training, and lower telecom and energy costs. Bolstering resilience to climate shocks also remains crucial. Directors emphasized the importance of enhancing the transparency of policy making, especially by improving data quality. It is expected the next Article IV consultation with Djibouti will be held on the standard 12-month consultation cycle.
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