By Mohamed Ali (Geelmaal)

Somalia, a nation that has endured decades of state collapse and protracted internal conflict, remains a complex and fragile state. Its political system, characterized by fragmentation and weak central authority, has struggled to achieve stability and cohesion. Following the adoption of the federal charter in 2012, Somalia embraced a federal political arrangement aimed at reconciling its diverse regions and communities. However, this system has not resolved internal political disputes. Instead, it has often exacerbated power struggles between the federal government in Mogadishu and the federal member states. Compounding these challenges are the persistent threats posed by armed non-state actors, particularly ISIS and Al-Shabaab, which continue to destabilize the country and undermine efforts at peacebuilding and state-building.

In this context, the international community has played a significant role in supporting Somalia through state-building, peacebuilding, and humanitarian assistance. However, the engagement of external actors has largely been channeled through the federal government, often sidelining federal member states. This centralized approach has been criticized for reinforcing the marginalization of certain regions, particularly those perceived as political adversaries of the federal government. A case in point is Puntland, a semi-autonomous state in northeastern Somalia, which has faced aid blockages and exclusion from international funding allocated for security sector support and development programs. This has further strained relations between Puntland and the federal government, highlighting the limitations of a top-down engagement strategy.

As a member of civil society in Puntland, I have witnessed firsthand the challenges of international engagement in Somalia. During meetings with foreign diplomats, it became evident that many in the international community prioritize engagement with the federal government as the central authority, often blaming Puntland for its perceived disengagement. This approach fails to recognize the need for a neutral and balanced engagement strategy that promotes inclusivity and ensures the equitable distribution of resources. Without such an approach, the international community risks exacerbating existing divisions and undermining efforts to build a stable and unified Somalia.

In contrast to this centralized model, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has adopted a more nuanced and pragmatic approach to its engagement in Somalia. Recognizing the complexities of Somalia’s political dynamics, the UAE has pursued a dual-track policy that balances engagement with both the federal government and federal member states. This strategy has been particularly evident in its support for Puntland, where the UAE has played a critical role in bolstering security and development efforts.

UAE’s Support for Puntland: A Model for Effective Engagement

The UAE’s engagement in Puntland has been multifaceted, addressing both security and development challenges. In the security sector, the UAE has provided critical support to Puntland’s security forces, including training, logistics, salaries, and air cover. This assistance has been instrumental in Puntland’s ongoing operations against ISIS in the northeastern region, where UAE and U.S. airstrikes have significantly weakened the terrorist group’s capabilities. This bottom-up approach, which empowers local forces with the right resources and support, has proven far more effective than the top-down model of supporting a dysfunctional central authority. The success of Puntland’s counterterrorism efforts stands as a testament to the potential of localized strategies in addressing security challenges.

Beyond security, the UAE has also invested in Puntland’s economic development. Through its global ports operator, DP World, the UAE has funded the expansion of Bosaso Port and airport, critical infrastructure projects that have the potential to transform the region’s economy. Additionally, UAE has supported key development initiatives, including the provision of electricity and water systems in Bosaso. These investments not only address immediate needs but also lay the foundation for long-term economic growth and stability.

The UAE’s engagement extends beyond Puntland. In Somaliland, DP World has invested in the Berbera Economic Corridor, a project aimed at enhancing trade and connectivity in the region. Similarly, the UAE has provided support to Jubaland’s security forces, demonstrating its commitment to a balanced and inclusive approach to engagement in Somalia.

A Pragmatic and Inclusive Strategy

The UAE’s approach to Somalia is informed by a clear understanding of the country’s political realities. By engaging both the federal government and federal member states, the UAE has sought to bridge divides and promote inclusivity. This strategy stands in stark contrast to the centralized approach adopted by much of the international community, which has often failed to address the root causes of Somalia’s instability.

The UAE’s dual-track policy also reflects a broader recognition of the limitations of state-centric approaches in fragile and conflict-affected states. In Somalia, where power is fragmented and the central authority is weak, a one-size-fits-all approach is unlikely to succeed. Instead, the UAE’s emphasis on local empowerment and bottom-up strategies offers a more effective pathway to stability and development.

Lessons for the International Community

The UAE’s engagement in Somalia provides valuable lessons for the international community. First, it underscores the importance of adopting a balanced and inclusive approach that recognizes the realities of fragmented administrations. By engaging with both the federal government and federal member states, external actors can help to build trust and foster cooperation among Somalia’s diverse regions.

Second, the UAE’s experience highlights the potential of localized strategies in addressing security challenges. By empowering local forces and providing them with the necessary resources, external actors can achieve tangible results in the fight against terrorism and insurgency. This stands in contrast to the failed top-down approach of pouring resources into a dysfunctional central authority, often described as “pouring money into a black hole.”

Finally, the UAE’s investments in infrastructure and development demonstrate the importance of addressing the root causes of instability. By supporting economic growth and improving access to basic services, external actors can help to create the conditions for long-term peace and stability.

Conclusion

The UAE’s engagement in Somalia represents a pragmatic and informed approach to addressing the challenges of a fragile state with fragmented administrations. By adopting a dual-track policy that balances engagement with both the federal government and federal member states, the UAE has demonstrated the potential of localized and inclusive strategies in promoting stability and development.

As Somalia continues its journey toward peace and state-building, the international community would do well to take note of the UAE’s approach and adopt a more nuanced and balanced engagement strategy. Only by recognizing the complexities of Somalia’s political dynamics and empowering its diverse regions can the international community hope to contribute to a stable and prosperous future for the country.

Mohamed Ali
Email. Geel114@gmail.com

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Mohamed Ali is independent Researcher and Analyst focused on development, peace building and governance in the horn of Africa, Particularly Somalia.