Waxa ay Maxkamadda Adduunka ee fadhigeedu yahay magaaladda Hague ee waddanka Holland  soo saartay 22 bisha July, 2010 ra’yi (Advisory opinion) ay kaga jawaabaysay su’aal uu Golaha Guud (General Assembly) ee Qaramada Midoobay ku waydiiyay go’aanka tirsigiisu yahay 63/3 ee ka soo baxay Golaha Guud ee Qarammada Midoobay 8-dii bishii Oktoobar, 2008.  Golaha Guud waxa u bannaynaya in uu ra’yi sharci waydiisto Maxkamadda Adduunka qodobka 96-aad ee Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay (UN Caharter). Su’aasha sharci ee uu Golaha Ammaanku waydiiystay in ay Maxkamaddu ra’yi ka bixiso ayaa  waxa ay u dhignayd sida hoos ku qoran:
         
Ma waafaqsan tahay sharciga caaalamiga ah ku dhawaaqidda ay keligood ku dhawaaqeen  in ay yihiin dal madax bannaan hayadaha is xukun ee ku meel gaadhka ah  ee Kosovo ?

Intaas ka dib waxa ay Maxkammadu  ka jaawaabtay saddex doodood oo laga hor jeediyay intii ay socotay ra’yi bixintu. Ta koobaad waxa ay ahayd in ay sharci darro tahay ku dhawaaqida madax banaani dhinac kaliya ahi, iyadda oo arrintani ku dhex qarsoontahay ama lagala soo dhex bixi karo mabda’a  mid ahaanshaha dhuleed ( Territorial integrity). Maxkammadu waxa ay qirtay in mid ahaanshaha dhuleed uu yahay mabd’a muhiim ah, oo xataa ku jira Axdiga Qaramadda Midoobay, qodobka 2-aad, faqradiisa afraad iyo waliba go’aanka Golaha Guud ee tirsigiisu yahay 2625(XXV)  ee soo baxay 24 October 1970 (Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations) iyo  go’aankii kama dambaysta ahaa ee ka soo baxay  shirkii Helisinki , qodobkiisa  afraad, ee soo baxay  1 August, 1975 (Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe). Maxkammadu waxa ay sheegtay in ay dhamaan ku jiraan heshiisyadaa iyo go’aamadaa muhiimadda ay leedahay in aan wax faro gelin ah lagu samayn midnimadda dhuleed ee dawladaha, lana ixtiraamo. Laakiin ta muhiimka ah ee ay  Maxkamaddu sheegtay  waxa ay tahay in  mabd’a  midnimadda dhuleed  uu ku kooban yahay uun  heerka  xidhiidhka dawladdaha (The sphere of relations between states) ee aanuu khusaynin arrimaha gudaha  dawladdaha.

Dooda labaad  ee ay soo jeediyeen dawladdaha qaar ka qayb qaatay markii dooda Maxkamaddu socotay  waxa ay ahayd in  uu Golaha Amaanku cambaareeyey muddoyinkii la soo dhaafay ku dhawaaqista madax banaanida, sida  go’aamadii Golaha Amaanka  uu ka soo saaray Koonfurtii Rhodesia, Waqooyigii Qubrus iyo Jamhuuriyada Srpska. Saddexdaa dhacdaba Golaha Amaanku wuu dhaleeceeyey, isaga oo Golahu diiday dhawaaqoodii ahaa in ay yihiin dawladdo madax banaan.

Maxkamaddu waxa ay doodahaa kaga jawaabtay iyada oo  sheegtay in saddexda dhacdaba uu Golaha Amaanku wax ku go’aaminayay xaaladdaha  dhab ahaan u taagnaa markii dhawaaqyada madaxbanaanindda la samaynayay, arrinta sharci darada ahaydna aanay ahayn dhawaaqa dhinac kaliyaalaha ah ee madax banaanida, laakiin ay ahayd  in dhawaaqyadaasi ay ku xidhiidhsanaayeen xoog si sharci daro ah loo isticmaalay iyo iyada oo  si ba’an loo jabiyay shuruucda guud ee caalamiga ah.

Dooda saddexaad waxa ay la xidhiidhay  in dadka reer  Kosovo ay xaq u leeyahiin in ay samaystaan dawlad,  taas oo ah mid ku imanaysa  xuquuqda aayo ka tashiga (The right of self-determination) ama  iyaga oo xuquuqdaa dawladnimo kuba helaya waxa lagu sharaxay  goosasho daawo  noqnonaysa( Remedial secession),  marka la eego xaaladahii  la soo gudboonaaday  dadka reer Kosovo. Maxkamaddu waxa y qirtay in sharciga caalamiga ah  ay ku jirto xuquuqda aayo ka tashiga, gaar ahaan dalalka iyo dadyowga aan is xukumin ee laga xoog roonaaday, la qabsaday, ama lagu dul noolyahay( Non-self-governing territories and peoples subject to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation), laakiin in khilaaf  ka taagan yahay in xuquuqdaasi ay jirtoba xaaladaha kuwaas ka soo hadha. Wax ay sidoo kale Maxkamadda sheegtay in khilaaf ka jiro in  sharciga caalamiga ah ay ku jirto xuquuqda goosasho daawo ah ( remedial secession). Wax ay ku dooday Maxkamaddu in labada arrinba ay dawladahu isku khilaafsan yihiin. Gebogabadii Waxa ay Maxkamaddu ka gaabsatay in ay  ka sii hadasho labadaa arrin ee dambe iyada oo ku dhaaftay in ay ka baxsan yihiin su’aasha la waydiiyay.

Muhiimadda ra’yigan Maxkamadda Adduunka

Inkasta oo sida aan kor ku soo sheegay aanay ahayn ra’ayiyada sharci ee Maxkamadda Addunku qaar ay ku qasban yihiin in ay fuliyaan cida loo soo jeediyaa , hadana waxa ay  leeyahiin saamayn balaadhan oo dhanka sharciga caalamiga ah. Hadaba,  ra’yigan Maxkammadda waxa ugu muhiimsan marka laga eego dhanka sharciga caalamiga:

1. In ay Maxkammadu cadaysay in aan ku dhawaaqida madax banaani ee lagaga hoos baxayo dawlad xuduudaheeda la aqoonsan yahay aanay ka soo horjeedin sharciga caalamiga ah.
2. In ay Maxkamaddu sheegtay in  mabda’ ilaalinta midnimada dhuleed uu ku kooban yahay uun  heerka  xidhiidhka dawladdaha ee aanay waxba ka khusayn arrimaha gudaha  ee dawladdaha. Tani waa turjumaad sharci oo muhiim ah.
3. In ay Maxkamaddu xustay waxa loo yaqaan goosasho daawo ah, in kasta oo ay hadana sheegtay in khilaaf  ka jiro in sharciga caalamiga ah ay ku jirto xuquuddaasi, iyo hadii ay kuba jirto, xaaaldaha ay soo bixi karto.

Saamaynta Somaliland  ee ra’yiga Maxkammadda Addunka ee Kosovo

Waxa hubaal ah ra’yiga Maxkammada Adduunku ee madax bannaanida Kosovo uu walaac xoog leh ku ridi doono dalal badan oo ay ku hoos jiraan qowmiyado ama gobolo ku hamiyaya in ay yeehsaan dawlado ay u madax bannaan yihiin.

Somaliland waxa ay ka madax bannaanayd dawladda Soomaaliya 19 sannadood ee uga dambeeyay, iyada oo  arrimaheeda si gaar ah u maamulanaysay. Arrintaasi runtii ma aha mid hadda uu muran ka taagan yahay. Hase ahaatee, Somaliland kuma ay guulaysan in ay hesho aqoonsi caalami ah in ay tahay dawlad gaarkeeda u taagan, iyada oo wali loo tix galiyo dhanka sharciga caalamiga ah in ay ka mid tahay dal waynihii Soomaaliya. Haddana tani kama hor istaagin Somaliland in ay bulshada caalamku si gaar ah ula macaamilaan.

Aqoonsigu sidiisaba ma aha arrin sharci, ee waa arrin siyaasadeed, mana aha wax xuquuq ah oo dalka la ictiraafayaa uu xaq ugu leeyahay dalalka kale. Ma aha shuruudo la buuxiyo, oo dabadeed cid kasta oo buuxisa si degdeg ah loogu aqoonsanayo dawlad ee aqoonsigu waa wax ku xidhan rabitaanka iyo danaha dawladdaha wax aqoonsanaya.  Waxa xusid mudan ka hor r’ayiga Maxkamadda Adduunka, in ay Kosovo aqoonsadeen dawladdo gaadhaya 69 oo ay ku jirto dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya!

Ra’yigan Maxkammadu waxa uu noqan karaa  uun qiil kale oo xagga sharciga caalamiga ah oo ay isticmaali karaan dawladaha iyagu danaynaya in ay u aqoonsadaan Somaliland dawlad iskeed u madax bannaan.

Abdirahman Mohamed (Yussuf)
MA in International Law, University of Hargeisa
Email: abdirahman.mohamed@gmail.com